Ethanol
has the potential of significantly reducing the United State
dependence on foreign oil. From every barrel of oil (40
gals) approximately 20 gallons of gasoline is produced.
Modern automobiles can burn a mixture of gasoline ranging
between 12% and 85% ethanol combined with 88% gasoline and
15% gasoline, E-12 and E-85.
Currently there are approximately 3.5 billion gallons of
ethanol produced in the United States a year. Over 99% of
this ethanol uses corn grain as the starting material.
Colusa Biomass Energy Corporation (CBMG) has a US patent
that can use cellulose (woody portion of all plant life)
to produce ethanol; the starting material for the CBMG process
are rice straw and rice hulls, corn stover and cobs, wheat
straw and husks, wood chips from forest slashing, and sawdust
from saw mills. How much ethanol can be produced from these
cellulose-based raw materials? Using 2003 farm data from
the US Department of Agriculture and taking into consideration
the availability of these cellulose based materials, it
has been conservatively estimated that over 1.0 trillion
gallons of ethanol could be produced per year. This would
reduce the importation of oil by an estimated 75%. CBMG
will initially build a 50,000 ton/yr rice straw plant near
Colusa, CA. This plant will produce 6.25 million gallons
of fuel ethanol, 8,000 tons of silica products, Distillers’
Dried Grain Solubles (DDGS), commercial carbon dioxide,
and a high energy lignin fuel that will be used internally
in the plant to reduce the cost of natural gas.
Comparisons between our system and traditional spiral wound
membrane systems
A spiral wound membrane, both RO and UF; this increases
the surface area of the membrane winding a membrane/separator
system into the shape of a log. Due to the membrane/separator
proximities spiral wound membranes are “plugged”
by particulate matter in the feed liquid.
The CBMG system differs from the spiral wound systems by
placing the membrane directly in contact with the feed liquid
and pumping this feed liquid at a high flow rate. This flow
rate acts to “sweep” the membrane and prevents
“plugging.”
The niche that CBMG systems can fill is its ability to filter
thixotropic (viscous) Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids.
For example, CBMG UF system can take tomato juice (Newtonian
liquid) and by removing the water, produce tomato paste
(non-Newtonian liquid.)
Potential applications of the CBMG reverse osmosis/ultrafiltration
systems are:
- Metal Finishing: Chromic Acid, Copper Pyrophosphate,
Nickel Sulfamate, Nickel Fluoborate, Zinc Chloride;
- Water Soluble Oil & Synthetic Lubricant Coolants:
Removal from waste water, 99.9% recovery;
- Latex and Latex Paint (Wash water); Concentration &
Recovery, Purification of Water for reuse;
- Sea and Brackish Water (Desalination): Single stage
sea and brackish water conversion to potable water for
off-shore operations, hotels, islands, and exploration
sites;
- Food, Dairy, and Beverage: Cottage and Cheddar Cheese
Whey, Soy and other protein Extractions, Milk, Citrus
and other Juice Concentrates, By-Product Recovery (Currently
FTC’s RO/UF is not Food & Drug Administration
(FDA) approved, but all materials have been approved by
the FDA and a minimum of expense and effort will be required
to get FDA approval.)
- Pulp and Paper: Water Recovery & Reuse, Removal
of Color and other BOD, Recovery & Concentration of
Other By-Products, Separation of Polysaccharides from
Lignosulfonates, “Black Liquor” recovery of
Processing Chemicals & Concentration of Lignin;
- Chemical & Metallurgical: Purification of high
molecular weight, organic and inorganic elements &
compounds; Fractionation of multi-compound solutions,
removal of colloidal and macromolecular impurities;
- Textile & Dye: Textile color removal
- Waste Treatment & Water Reuse: In packing houses,
fish-FPC, chemical, plating, mining, sewage, food, diary,
yeast, etc.
- Oil Spill Cleanup: In a combination sweep/process plant,
FTC can collect oil spilled on an ocean, lake or river
remove the water and recover the oil.
Our ultrafiltration (UF) can be cast to do total rejection
of 5,000 to 20,000 molecular weight (MW) molecules. For
example, large molecules (lignin), enzymes, bacteria, lactose,
colloidal matter, fine suspended particulate matter, and
proteins will not pass through the membrane.
We have designed and engineered a Potable Water unit that
will produce between 200 – 500 gallons/day of disease-free
potable water. This unit will operate from electrical power
generated on-site and requires no electrical power.
Short Abstract for US Patent 5,735,916
UNITED STATES PATENT Patent Number: 5,735,916
Lucas et al. Date of Patent: Apr. 7, 1998
PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF LIGNIN FUEL, ETHYL ALCOHOL, CELLULOSE,
SILICA/SILICATES, AND CELLULOSE DERIVATIES FROM PLANT BIOMASS
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
4,797,135 1/1989 Kubat et al.
5,114,541 5/1992 Bayer
5,186,722 2/1993 Cantrell et al.
ABSTRACT
This invention relates to a series of treatments, both
physical and chemical, to plant biomass resulting in the
production of ethanol, lignin, and a high protein animal
feed supplement. In plants having a high silica content,
a fourth product is obtained, silica/caustic oxide (silicates
solution, waterglass.) Both 5-Carbon and 6-Carbon sugars
are fermented to ethanol using an existing closed-loop fermentation
system employing a genetically engineered thermophylic bacteria
developed by Agrol, Ltd. The lignin and absolute ethanol
are mixed producing a high-energy fuel.
5 Claims, No Drawings
PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF LIGNIN FUEL,
ETHYL ALCOHOL, CELLULOSE,
SILICA/SILICATES, AND CELLULOSE
DERIVATIVES FROM PLANT BIOMASS
This application is a continuation in part of application
Ser. No. 08/460,493, filed Jul. 13, 1995, now abandoned.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe invention relates to a
method for producing lignin fuel (a mixture of lignin and
ethyl alcohol), silica/sodium oxide, cellulose, and other
cellulose derivatives from plant biomass.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Description of Prior Art
The production of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) from 5-carbon
and 6-carbon sugars has recently focused on the development
of genetically engineered organisms. Prior to the work done
in genetic engineering, considerable work was done with
organisms, extraction of hydrolytic enzymes for cellulose
and hemicellulose. B. S. Montencourt and D. E. Eveleigh,
1978, discussed producing fuels from plant biomass.
Delignification was done by Wilkes, et al., 1983 using chlorine
dioxide/acetic acid solution.
Kubat et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,135 describes a method
of treating plant biomass with a weak caustic solution to
produce a highly comminuted flour of wood and other vegetable
biomass suitable for the use as fuel.
Many pretreatment technologies for the conversion of plant
biomass, generally agricultural by-products (residues),
have been developed in the past. The following institutions
have provided work in plant biomass fuels:
The U.S. Army Natick Development Command, The University
of California, Berkeley, Department of Engineering, The
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and The Indiana Institute
of Technology (Spano, et al) The U.S. Pat No. 4,399,009
(Haig, 1981) claims the conversion of biological materials
to liquid fuels. This patent uses zeolite catalysts to convert
plant hydrocarbons with a molecular weight of over 150 into
lower molecular weight entities for use as a liquid fuel.
A gasoline fuel extender (methyltetrahydrofuran, MTHF) has
been derived from plant biomass. MTHF, up to 10%, has been
added to gasoline as a replacement for tetraethyl lead.
Generally, the production of alternative fuels has centered
on aromatic compounds and is therefore relatively expensive.
A fuel derived from a mixture of ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
and a lignin extract using a strong caustic solvent is an
economically viable engine fuel.
REFERENCES CITED
The references cited within the text are incorporated
to the extent they supplement, explain, provide background
for, or teach methodology technology, and compositions employed
herein.
Hagg, W.O., Rodewald, P.G. and Weisz, P.B., U.S. Pat. No.
4,3000,009, Nov. 10, 1981 A method of converting biological
materials to liquid fuels.
Montencourt, B. S. and Eveleigh, D. E., Proceedings of Second
Annual Symposium on Fuels from Biomass, Vol. II, p 613.
Renssseleaer. Describes strains of bacteria and fungi having
cellulose hydrolytic capabilities
Humphrey, A. E. and E. J. Nolan Report to the Office of
Technology Assessment, Biological Production of Liquid Fuels
and Chemical Feedstocks. Govt. Printing Office,
(The Detailed Description of the
Invention with “mass flow AND mass-energy balance
are not included in this long abstract.)
We claim:
A method for producing lignin fuel, silica/sodium oxide,
cellulose, and cellulose derivatives from plant biomass
comprising the steps of placing the plant biomass in a hammermill
or ball mill and grinding the plant biomass to 45 to 55
mesh, feeding the reduced size biomass into the first counter-current
extractor, admixing the biomass with a mild acid solvent
solution of acetic, carbonic, hydrochloric, phosphoric,
or sulfuric acid at a temperature between 40 and 60 degrees
C. and a residence time between 50 and 70 minutes, withdrawing
a solvent stream from the first counter-current extractor
containing 5-carbon sugars, soluble plant proteins, and
soluble polypeptides which is passed to a fermentation tank
where the 5-carbon sugars are fermented to ethanol,
withdrawing a solid material stream from the first counter-current
extractor and passing the solid material through a belt-press
filter, dewatering the solid material to between 70% and
80% total solids, and feeding the dewatered solid material
stream into a second counter-current extractor, admixing
the solid material with a caustic hydroxide solution, dissolving
the lignin and silica,
withdrawing a solvent stream from the second counter-current
extractor containing the lignin and caustic silicate and
passing the solvent to an ultrafiltration membrane system,
separating and concentrating the lignin from the solvent
containing the caustic solution,
withdrawing from the ultrafiltration membrane unit a caustic
silicate solution whereby a silica caustic oxide solution
is produced,
withdrawing between 10% and 20% of the caustic silicate
solution from the ultrafiltration membrane unit and sending
the caustic silicate solution to the caustic solvent added
to the second counter-current extractor as a feed-back solvent,
withdrawing the solid stream from the second counter-current
extractor and passing the solid stream to a washing centrifuge
and passing the solid to a belt-press filter dewatering
the solid to 75% total solids,
withdrawing the solid from the belt-press filter and passing
the solid to a tank wherein the solid cellulose material
is converted to a glucose steam using acid hydrolyzing enzymes,
Silica Uses in Industry
Abrasive Wheels
Absorbents
Adhesives
Asbestos Products
Bar Soap
Beater Sizing Paper
Bleaching Textiles and Paper
Boiler Compounds
Brick-Making
Briquetting
Coal
Glass
Ores
Buffering Agents
Building Materials
Cements
Ceramics
Cement Grouts
Chemical Grouting
Cleaning Compounds
Coagulant
Coatings
Enamel
Roofing Granules
Welding Rods
Concrete Cleaners
Concrete Treatment
Corrosion Control
Corrugated Board
Dairy Cleaners
Deflocculating of Clays
Dehumidifiers
De-inking Paper
Detergent Formulations
Dishwashing
Oil Drilling Fluids
Mud Additive
Silicate Base Mud
Synthetic Mud
Drum Washing
Earthwork Construction
Egg Washing
Fiber Drums
Fire resistant paint
Floor cleaners
Fly Ash Structural Materials
Foil laminating
Foundry
Cores
Hot Topes
Molds
Frits
Fruit & Vegetable Peeling
Ground Water Control
Heavy Duty Cleaning
Hog Scalding
Laminating Metal Foil
Laundry Operations
Leather Processing
Liquid Detergent
Lithographic Printing
Magnesium Trisilicate
Metal Cleaning
Molecular Sieves
Oil Refining
Oil Reclaiming
Ore Flotation
Paint & Rubber Fillers
Paints
Paper Coating
Paper Tube Winding
Pigments
Polishing Wheel Cement
Portland Cement
Poultry Processing
Radiator Compounds
Release Agent
Rust Remover
Sealing Containers
Scaling Metal Castings
Secondary Oil Recovery
Silica Gel
Aerogel
Hydrogel
Xerogel
Soap Conditioners
Soap-Making
Solid Fiberboard
Space Vehicle Paint
Steam Cleaning
Synthetic Catalysts
Synthetic Detergents
Textile Processing
Timed Fertilizers
Tire Cleaners
Titanium Dioxide
Ultramarine
Vegetable Oil Refining
Washing Locomotives
Water Clarification
Water Treatment
Wire Drawing
Zeolite (Synthetic)
The largest industrial uses of Silica/Sodium Oxide (Sodium
Silicate) are in the Paper Industry; the Pap Products (de-inking,
paper tubes, etc.); Detergent & Soap producers, Producers
of Gels, Catalysts and Zeolites; Foundries in the production
of molds, etc.; Soil Stabilization; Silica Sols, Water Treatment,
and Coatings.
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